Neve's first starring role was Daisy in the Canadian youth TV series Catwalk, which she held from 1992 to 1994. She rose to fame outside Canada after being cast as Julia Salinger in the drama series Party of Five, in which she performed from 1994 to 2000. Campbell's first widely released film was 1996's The Craft. She then had a starring role in the Scream horror/comedy film trilogy. Roger Ebert, in his review of Scream 3, wrote of Campbell, "The camera loves her. She could become a really big star and then giggle at clips from this film at her AFI tribute." Campbell also appeared in Wild Things and Three to Tango. In 1998 she was on Peoples "50 Most Beautiful People" list.

Following the last of the Scream series, Campbell appeared in several films that received a limited theatrical release but were well reviewed by critics, including the 2000 film Panic, in which she appeared alongside William H. Macy and Donald Sutherland, and the 2003 film The Company, about Chicago's Joffrey Ballet. Campbell co-wrote, produced, and starred in that film. The independent film When Will I Be Loved, released in 2004, was praised by critic Roger Ebert but received only a brief and limited theatrical release. In Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide (2009 edition), the film critic describes it as an "Unlikable film ... crammed with coldhearted characters who are obsessed with big bucks, sleazy sex, and endless hustling."

In March 2006, Campbell made her West End theatre debut, in a version of Arthur Miller's Resurrection Blues at the Old Vic theatre. Matthew Modine and Maximilian Schell also appeared in the play, which received mixed reviews. Resurrection Blues was directed by Robert Altman, with whom Campbell has previously worked in The Company. Later in 2006 Neve performed again in the West End in Love Song, alongside Cillian Murphy, Michael McKean, and Kristen Johnston, to mixed reviews. On July 7, 2007, Campbell presented at the UK leg of Live Earth at Wembley Stadium, London. In July 2010 Campbell is scheduled to reprise her role as Sidney Prescott in Scream 4.

• Sam's Story (2009) (announced)
• Matchstalk Man (2009) (announced) (rumored) .... Pansy
• Vivaldi (2009/II) (pre-production) .... Norina
• A Private War (2009) (pre-production) .... Rita
  
• "The Philanthropist" .... Olivia Maidstone (1 episode, 2009)
       - Pilot (2009) TV episode .... Olivia Maidstone
• "Burn Up" .... Holly (2 episodes, 2008)
       - Episode #1.2 (2008) TV episode .... Holly
       - Episode #1.1 (2008) TV episode .... Holly
• Agent Crush (2008) (voice) .... Cassie
• "Sea Wolf" (2008) TV mini-series .... Maude Brewster
  ... aka Der Seewolf (Germany)
• Closing the Ring (2007) .... Marie
  ... aka Richard Attenborough's Closing the Ring (International: English title: poster title)
• "Medium" .... Debra / ... (3 episodes, 2007)
       - Everything Comes to a Head (2007) TV episode .... P.D. McCall
       - Heads Will Roll (2007) TV episode .... Debra
       - Head Games (2007) TV episode .... Debra
• I Really Hate My Job (2007) .... Abi
• Partition (2007) .... Margaret Stilwell
• Relative Strangers (2006) .... Ellen Minnola
• Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical (2005) .... Miss Poppy
  ... aka Kifferwahn (Germany)
• Churchill: The Hollywood Years (2004) .... Princess Elizabeth
• When Will I Be Loved (2004) .... Vera Barrie
• Blind Horizon (2003) .... Chloe Richards
• The Company (2003) .... Loretta 'Ry' Ryan
  ... aka The Company - Das Ensemble (Germany)
• Lost Junction (2003) .... Missy Lofton
• Last Call (2002) (TV) .... Frances Kroll